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If you’ve ever been arrested by US police, or if you’ve watched films or television programmes in which that happens, you’ll be aware of the phrase ‘Miranda rights’.

It means, in essence, that the detained person has the right to remain silent under interrogation, and has the right to speak to a lawyer before answering questions. Any information obtained by interrogating a suspect who has not been made aware of these rights is (under normal circumstances) inadmissible in a court of law.

This system was established in US law following the Miranda v.

Arizona case of 1966, which saw a judge overturn a rape conviction on the grounds that the convicted man, Ernesto Arturo Miranda, had incriminated himself because he did not know his rights, and that the use of testimony gathered in such a manner was a violation of the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution.

The ruling has become part of the bedrock of the US justice system – but what happened to Miranda’s vict